Is Schizophrenia A Mental Disorder - 1107 Words

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is thought to be brought on by certain genetic factors as well as environmental ones. It affects the way a person perceives reality. The person diagnosed with schizophrenia will often perceive auditory, visual, kinetic, and olfactory stimuli that aren’t actually present. The disease also affects how the person feels and acts as well. Scientist who study Schizophrenia have not clearly defined the core causes of this disease however it is thought to have a strong correlation to genetics of, chemistry in , and the environment surrounding the patient. Among the scientists, researchers, and doctors who deal with schizophrenic patients, it is common knowledge that the gene pool is a palpable source for the†¦show more content†¦Scientist believe that there is a correlation between the percentage of Schizophrenic diagnosis and the environment of the individual. It is necessary to define environment as the everything other than â€Å"genes† and â€Å"genetic makeup†. Factors of the environment include exposure to various types of bacteria/viruses, malnutrition at birth, problems at birth, and other psychosocial factors. Contrary to popular belief, schizophrenia is not multiple or split personalities, but on the other hand, it is a mental and emotional imbalance. Schizophrenic people are not always v iolent as many popular tv shows enjoy depicting them as. And schizophrenia is not a result of traumatic childhood experiences or poor parenting. It is a disease that requires lifelong treatments as it is incurable at the present time. Schizophrenia does not come in one form. In reality it has various different types, each with their own set of unique characteristics. The five most commonly diagnosed types of Schizophrenia are Paranoid Schizophrenia, Disorganized Schizophrenia, Catatonic Schizophrenia, Residual Schizophrenia, and Schizoaffective Schizophrenia. Each of these types of Schizoaffective Schizophrenia have different traits. Paranoid Schizophrenia is characterised by the individual feeling suspicious, persecuted, or grandiose. There are sometimes a combination of the three emotions. Disorganized Schizophrenia is characterized by the

Fort Clatsop Essay - 832 Words

Fort Clatsop Fort Clatsop was the encampment of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Corps of Discovery) in the Oregon Country. Located near the mouth of the Columbia River this site served as their camp from December 8, 1805 until their departure on March 23, 1806. Fort Clatsop is located along the Lewis and Clark River at the north end of the Clatsop Plains approximately 5 miles southwest of Astoria, the fort was the last encampment of the Corps of Discovery before embarking on their return trip east to St. Louis. Now the site is known as the Fort Clatsop National Memorial. The Historical Site Upon the Corps of Discovery departure in March 1806, the fort rapidly decayed in the wet coastal forest of the western Oregon region, but was†¦show more content†¦They decided to settle in the relatively mild climate of the Pacific Coast while winter raged in the mountain highlands. Within 10 days of arriving on the coast, the Corps of Discovery decided to leave their storm-bound camp on the north shore of the Columbia River, and explore the area to the south. This area was said to have a ready supply of elk and deer and had convenient access to the ocean, which the men used to make salt. Lewis, with a small party, scouted ahead and found a â€Å"most eligible† site for winter quarters. On December 10, 1805, the men began to build a fort about two miles up the Netul River (now Lewis and Clark River). It took just over 3 weeks for the Expedition to build the fort, and by Christmas Day they were under shelter. They named the fort in honor of the friendly local Indian tribe, the Clatsop. Fort Clatsop would be the expedition’s home for the following three months. Throughout the winter Lewis and Clark maintained a strict military routine. A guard was constantly posted, and at sundown each day the fort was cleared of visitors and the gates locked for the night. Of the 106 days the explorers spent at the fort, it rained every day but 12, and the men suffered from colds, influenza, rheumatism, and other illnesses that the captains treated. Clothing rotted, and fleas infested the blankets and hides of the bedding to such a degree that aShow MoreRelatedLewis and Clark Expedition Essay926 Words   |  4 Pagesjourney ahead. The Corps continued up the Missouri River until winter hit and they stopped in the villages of the Mandan tribe in December 1804, and built Fort Mandan in present-day Washburn, North Dakota. In the brunt of the winter temperatures frequently dropped to -45 degrees and three men were severely frost bitten. They stayed at the fort until April 1805. So far, Lew and Clark had discovered 108 new plant species and 68 mineral types . Sacagawea became increasingly important to the expeditionRead MoreThe Lewis And Clark Expedition Crew1217 Words   |  5 Pages #14: Winter- The lewis and clark expedition crew stopped for the winter along a small river, south of the Columbia. They built a fort, fort Clatsop which was named after the closest tribe of native Americans at that time. During the winter, they didn t have a lot of adventurous activities to fill their time with, so they devoted their time to making moccasins, buckskin clothing, storing their food, and wring out unfinished maps and journaling their thoughts and findings. Their everyday life wasRead MoreAdvocating For Meriwether Lewis As The Face Of The $ 10 Bill1239 Words   |  5 Pagesknown for his part in leading the Corps of Discovery on their expedition across the land of the recently acquisitioned Louisiana Purchase. The expedition took place between May of 1804 to September of 1806 and spanned from St. Louis, Missouri to Fort Clatsop in present day Oregon. During this period Lewis, the Corps, and his former commanding officer and friend William Clark set out to observe and ma p the Western lands. Along the way, Lewis and his companions discovered many new species of wildlifeRead MoreCultural Perspectives On American Expansionist, Colonial And Slave Society1628 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Clark loaded their brief written and spoken discourse among Native Americans with value judgments to make sense of and repudiate newfound native groups. Technically, Thomas Jefferson’s two military liaisons-cum-explorers spent a few months at Fort Clatsop on their mission to gain territory for the U.S. and find the mythical Northwest Passage, where they believed the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans connected. New indigenous groups that the explorers encountered complicated the uniform taking of landRead MoreBiography Of George Rogers Clark And The Civil War884 Words   |  4 Pages When we had one of our horses go missing, we blamed it on the Sioux tribe. We came close to fighting with this tribe many times, but soon both of us backed down, and our expedition contin ued. During the winter of 1804-1805, we built Fort Mandan. After the fort had been set up, Indians came to visit us. We soon met a French-Canadian fur trapper and his wife named, Sacagawea. The fur trapper acted as a translator for us on this trip, and helped us make peace with the Indian chiefs. We continuedRead MoreLewis and Clark Expedition1018 Words   |  4 Pagesthey were helped by a Shoshone Indian named Sacagawea. Their journey was full of trouble and challenges but in the end led to a great discovery that changed the lives and beliefs of people everywhere. Their expedition stretched from camp wood to fort Clatsop. Lewis and Clark knew each other from the war where Clark was under William Lewis’s command later then Thomas Jefferson recruited Clark to lead this exploration and then he went to William Lewis to ask him to come along with him. Their expeditionRead MoreThe Second President Of The United States1311 Words   |  6 PagesBuffalo. The expedition reaches North Dakota and encounters the communities of the Mandans and the Hidatsas, who live in huge villages made of earth-lodges. The Corps decides to build their winter camp across the river from the main village and name it Fort Mandan. During their stay, they hire a French Canadian trader, middle-aged Toussaint Charbonneau, as an interpreter through his young wife Sacagawea. In January 1805, members of the expedition participate in the hunting of buffalo. The intense coldRead MoreThe Lewis ( 1774 ) And William Clark1735 Words   |  7 Pagesthe first snowfall, they reached the Mandan tribe’s villages, where they planned to spend the winter. They build Fort Mandan across the main village, for protection against the weather and attack by the Sioux. They finished the fort before the end of November. Guards were posted around the clock and switched every thirty minutes because of the intense cold. The expedition members spent Fort Mandan winter repairing equipment, trading with the Indians, and hunting for buffalo. Lewis and Clark learnedRead MoreThe Journals Of Lewis And Clark1470 Words   |  6 Pagessmall group and then when he reached the end of the path there was the Great Falls of The Missouri River which was a new experience for him. So he went back to Clark to head out once again since he knew which direction to go. After all the things since Fort Manda, on August 11 Lewis spotted a horse rider and later found out that it was a Shoshone Indian. The rider brought them to the village and later they found out that the rider was the brother of Sacagawea. The crew pleaded with the chief if they couldRead MoreThe History Of Lewis And Clark1651 Words   |  7 Pagesbuilt a fort, still in fear of the Sioux Indians coming for them. The winter was cold and the river had frozen over. Waiting out the winter at Fort Mandan it is here, where Lewis and Clark learned more about anim al species, and about the geography and area of the west. In the Mandan Village, around December, Lewis and Clark meet Toussaint Charbonneau and his wife the now, well-known name Sacagawea who would end up joining them on their journey after leaving the Mandan villages and the fort. Soon

Vacant Chapter 11 Time Free Essays

I drive and can’t help that my emotions are all over the place. I’m angry because I’ve been living in exile from the one†¦ The one person who gives a shit whether I live or die†¦ I left her alone to fend for herself. I take my rage out on the steering wheel before pulling over; I need a minute to collect myself. We will write a custom essay sample on Vacant Chapter 11 Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two minutes. Five†¦ It takes me half an hour before I’m calm enough to continue driving, but I rush because I want to get back to her. I want to touch her, be with her. I realize how fundamentally wrong I’ve been about my feelings for her. While I thought I was doing what was best for Emily, I never considered that I was really just protecting myself. I hadn’t taken her feelings into account. I hadn’t thought about what I was doing to her by leaving†¦and in the same accord, making her declaration of love, trivial. The anger fades and misery takes its place. I’m sad because I miss her. I need her more than air. I need air, and I need Emily. Air is so much easier. Before long, fear sets in. What if she isn’t there when I get back? Why would she be? I left her by herself for six days after I swore I’d take care of her. I think about what I did as I continue down the lonely stretch of highway. I worked so hard to separate myself from the drama and emotions of everyday life realizing I haven’t been living at all. I think of all the time I’ve wasted; all the time I could have been with her – been with her†¦ Her legs are bare and slender. I imagine what’s just beyond the small rectangle of terry cloth. Her hair tickles the tops of her breasts, teasing me with what’s just beyond the knot of the towel. One small flick and she’d be naked before me, her body as fantastic as I’ve always imagined. My foot pushes a little harder on the accelerator as my frustration builds. I’m tired and feeling the effects of driving ten hours straight. As I consider pulling over, the guilt seeps in again. I’ve already been away from her for too long. I can’t stand to be apart from Emily any longer, but the seconds continue to tick by and I can’t seem to get there fast enough. I push on, despite being a danger to others on the road due to my exhaustion. I see a gas station ahead, and force myself off the road and into the brightly lit convenience store. After hours of lonesome interstate travel, the intense glow of the fluorescent lights hurts my eyes, and only serves to remind me of the dim nature of my existence without Emily. I make quick work of refueling the car and myself and then rejoin the blacktop. Finally, finally, I see the mile marker indicating my journey is almost over, an hour to go before I’m back with Emily. Anxiety weighs heavily on me because I think I could have gotten here faster; what if she just left? What if she’s been waiting for the last week and that was her limit? I shouldn’t have left in the first place. I should have told her how I felt so we could be living a happily ever after. Regret won’t change things, though. It doesn’t serve any purpose now. I pass the city limits sign, and a smile spreads across my face. I’m happy and hopeful. A hundred and one scenarios play out in my head as to how Emily will react when she sees me. She throws open the screen door and rushes towards me. I catch her in my arms and spin her around. I tell her I love her and want to spend eternity with her. She smiles and says she wants the same thing†¦ We barely make it to the bedroom before I fully make her mine†¦ I open the door and call her name but no one answers. All her things are gone, and she’s nowhere to be found†¦ As I make my way up the walk, she stops me and tells me she doesn’t ever want to see me again. That I broke her heart and I’m a fuck-up she wants nothing to do with†¦ I’m brought out of my thoughts as a car horn blares behind me. Dawn has broken and there is slight traffic moving about. I’m not sure how long I’ve been sitting at the stop sign on the corner before the car behind me demands attention. It’s now or never, and never isn’t an option. I stand at the door, my door – her door – ready to knock. It occurs to me how odd this is; I’m about to knock on my own door. Suddenly, I’m embarrassed. I look down and my clothes are dirty and unkempt. I smell – it’s been two days since I’ve cleaned up at all. How can I look her in the eye, kiss her lips, hug her body, when I look and smell like a homeless man? I am homeless, though. Without her, without her love and care and warm eyes, I’m a man with a heart that has no home. So I knock. How to cite Vacant Chapter 11 Time, Essay examples

Healing Hospitals and its Daring Paradigm

Question: Describe about the Healing Hospitals and its Daring Paradigm? Answer: Introduction: From the past few centuries the aim and focus of health care and medicines have tend to change rapidly on the basis of a more advanced form of technology which further resulted in the development of new medicines which has the ability to increase the life span of every individual. The physicians have learnt to balance their ways of care and services in a more spiritual manner which is also linked to the health care of the modern times of spirituality. This kind of spiritual care of a patient involves in serving an individual in terms of the emotional, physical and spiritual manners. For example it includes gestures like spending more time with the patients, talking or discussing things which are important to them and also holding their hands etc. therefore in the later paragraphs it has been discussed as to how a healing environment in a health care organization helps in reducing stress and also in promoting healing to the patients. Components of Healing Hospitals: The therapeutic physical environment, the loving care and primary culture and also the integration of new technologies are the vital components of a healing hospital. Hence there is a lot of benefits provided to the consumers in relation to the integration of technology where it offers them all the educational material regarding their health complications and other activities (Mc Call B.J. (2004). Technology integration also offers the patient more security and privacy as these factors are very traumatic for the care of the patients. There is more advantages in the technically advanced medical devices used for the patients by the hospital which results in an increase in the performance while attaining the result analysis such as a blood report, a report of radiology etc which tends to lower the anxiety levels in a patient and makes him more calm. Concepts and values of a healing hospital: The concept of building a peaceful environment involves a lot of physical changes within the hospitals for instance maintaining silence in a ward while the patient is sleeping. These types of peaceful environments results in a stress free atmosphere for the patients and also their family members to who is very essential to maintain and offer good quality care. Any studies have also proved that an improve in the designs and physical structures of a hospital helps in reducing stress in patients and also increases the safety of them, it also helps in reducing the fatigue of the staff members and overall improves the quality of healthcare. For instance the operation theatres and the Intensive care units need a lot of specialized techniques and methods to create a healing environment as these are considered a critical environment for the patients and help them to overcome all the obstacles and barriers. Hence the philosophy of a healing environment is associated to the care and assistance of the patients as well as the family members. The entire healthcare department should be able to execute the philosophy of a healing hospital as it offers compassionate care and quality care to its clients which results in the professional satisfaction of the health care personnel. A Biblical perspective on healing: There are many Biblical themes that are related to the creation of a healing environment and health issues (Chapman E. (2003). The people were the ones assigned as priests to diagnose the diseases and confirm healing to the patients. There were also many such laws which were related to the public health and hygiene issues which were very adverse in those times. Therefore the facilities provided by the health care personnel to the patient is done emotionally, spiritually as well as physically which in turn offers a sense of peace and safety. In the context of spirituality the people were the ones assigned as priests to diagnose the diseases and confirm healing to the patients. There were also many such laws which were related to the public health and hygiene issues which were very adverse in those times. However this is believed to be partly because of the fact that by obeying these laws it helps the people to be healthy and also that God brings blessing to the patient who needs heali ng whereas disobedience brings only curses that includes all the diseases that comes to the person. Challenges of creating a healing environment in a hospital: The main challenge faced by the hospitals is that the nursing staff and other physicians who are involved in the concept of healing hospital may find it difficult to accept all the patients as their own instead of differentiate them under categories of his/her collegues. The other challenge is faced while recruiting a staff that they should have the knowledge and understanding about the applicant whether he or she is fit to work in the particular sector of healthcare and ready to work or serve their patients although the applicant has the proper qualification or the eligibility to apply for these posts (Aldridge D. (2000). It is also seen that many individuals who want to help in creating a healing environment are faced by many challenges like the critics and other opposite views of people who tend to get jealous of their growing projects and want to hinder their growth. Conclusion: Many studies proved that how a good hospital design can make a positive impact on the clinical outcomes. There are many of factors that were considered like the use of eco-friendly furniture, the noise levels, type of lighting and good ventilation. Hence it is useful sometimes to provide financial as well as technological support to the expertise in order to meet the necessary requirements to make the environment of a hospital more healing and friendly for the betterment of the patients. References Aldridge D. (2000).Healing and Medicine: Return to the silence. Jessica Kingsley Publishers: London. Chapman E. (2003).Radical Loving Care: Building the Healing Hospital in America. Baptist Healing Hospital Trust: Nashville, Tennessee. Mc Call B.J. (2004).Bereavement and Counseling: Pastoral Care for ComplicatedGrieving. Routledge: London.

Assessment and analysis of a psychology related problem or challenge in Eastman Kodak

Introduction Organizations are usually complex units. They are associated with many issues that have to be carried out in a given manner in order to achieve individual and overall organizational success. Some of the major aspects in organizations include the fixed and current assets and the human resources. Human resource plays a great role in organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment and analysis of a psychology related problem or challenge in Eastman Kodak specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They facilitate other aspects in an organization through manipulation to achieve the desired results. Employees performance is affected by various things some of them being physical while others are psychological. For this reason, they ought to be treated in an appropriate manner to enhance performance. This piece of work looks at absenteeism as a psychology related problem in an organization. The organization of study will be Eastman Kodak. Background Information Eastman Kodak is a well known multinational corporation / company in the film and imaging industry. It is an info imaging organization that is based in the United States of America. It has, however, spread its operations far and wide to eight major countries, that is, Germany, Canada, Mexico, France, U.S., Australia, Brazil and the United Kingdom. Its products and services are also marketed by subsidiary companies to people in more than 150 countries. Due to its large size, Eastman Kodak has a large workforce and requires a lot of coordination in order to achieve success. Over the recent past, the company has experienced some problems in the human resource department, an aspect that has raised concern due poor performance by the employees which in turn affects the productivity of the company. The major problem is, however, absenteeism among the workforce which presents the challenge of meeting the employees’ desires for i nstance in regard to work-life balance (Kodak, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Absenteeism in Eastman Kodak Absenteeism entails the habitual behavior of failing to attend to a duty or obligation. It is a problem that has been there for a long period for as long as organizations have existed. In olden days, absenteeism was taken as a sign of poor personal performance or an extremely bad mistake performed by an employee towards an employer. It was perceived to be a pure management issue. In the recent past, however, absenteeism has been discovered to be a sign that is related to either, medical, social or even psychological problem which is linked to adjustment to work. Absenteeism is generally perceived to be a deviant workplace behavior and thus negative attributions. For this reason, it is subject to social control and it usually results to conflict in the work place (Eggert, 2002). There are various causes or factors that lead to absenteeism among employees. The major factors include lack of job satisfaction and poor treatment where the employees feel unappreciated. Poor working conditions could also result in work place stress which in turn lead to absenteeism due to lack of morale to carry on. Another factor is employees’ poor image on an organization or the way in which employees perceive their organization. Poor organization’s perception among the employees can hinder their performance in terms of work attendance. Other factors include poor management or leadership and lack of self motivation, serious illness and accidents, boredom on the job, personal problems, work stress and poor physical fitness among others (Eggert, 2002). According to the withdrawal model of psychology, absenteeism is a mechanism that represents an employee withdrawal from working conditions that are not satisfying. There is a positive relationship betw een absenteeism and job satisfaction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment and analysis of a psychology related problem or challenge in Eastman Kodak specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Solution to the Psychology Related Problem A high degree of absenteeism in an organization is usually linked to poor morale. Despite the fact that absenteeism is an extremely disturbing issue in organizations and Eastman Kodak in particular, there exist some strategies that should be applied in an effort to get a solution or rather avoid absenteeism. Different parties should play different roles in fighting the problem of absenteeism. Some of the general measures that should be adopted by the management include development and implementation of appropriate absence policies. The policies should have a clear distinction between absences that have genuine reasons and those that are as a result of indiscipline. This will avoid ins tances where employees feel obliged to go to work even when they can not perform, for instance, when sick just to avoid some severe consequences. This could cause greater absenteeism and reduced productivity due to working in poor health. The policies should also offer some guidelines on reporting in advance incase one really can not make it to work. Motivation has a great impact in developing employees’ moods and emotions which may determine the level of their absenteeism. This is because employee feel appreciated and well represented and hence the urge to even work harder to improve their individual performance and thus that of the organization as a whole. According to the expectancy theory of motivation, employees usually tend to work better if they believe that hard work will lead to better performance and that better performance will lead to rewards. Rewards, therefore, reduce the level of absenteeism among the employees (DuBrin, 2008). The element of equity also plays a fundamental role in improving employee’s performance. Employees will be discouraged if they feel that they are being discriminated against.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This may increase the level of absenteeism in the workplace. On the other hand, employees will be satisfied when they believe that their compensation is equal to that given to others who make similar contribution in the organization. An appropriate organizational culture bonds employees together and facilitates realization of organizational goals. This close bond also motivates employees to work towards the realization of an organization’s objectives and goals. This ensures that the level of absenteeism is minimized. Leaders should come up with an organization culture that encourages employees’ attendance in the workplace. Since a culture is difficult to change once engraved in employees’ minds, it is important that the leaders be careful while creating organizational cultures. Strong cultures are associated with innovation, growth and high level of employees’ attendance (Robbins and Judge, 2010). Another effort of dealing with absenteeism is adoption of organizational change to influence behavior. It is a good practice to facilitate necessary changes in an organization in order to promote employee commitment in the work place. In the modern business world, the level of competitiveness of an organization is determined by its ability to handle necessary changes within an organization. The process of change is not always easy. It involves adjustments in an organization which may affect day to day activities. Change is associated with numerous challenges, for example, employee resistance to change. Therefore, the process needs a lot of attention in order to come up with effective changes which will invoke employees’ support rather than resistance. The employees should be fully involved in the changes to develop a sense responsibility in implementing the changes. Good interpersonal skills in an organization are also crucial. Interpersonal skills play a significant role in reducing the level of employee absenteeism. This is both b etween the leaders and employees as well as among employees themselves. Good interpersonal skills promote mutual understanding within an organization. This promotes good relationships among the employees hence enhancing their understanding and job satisfaction. Leaders must take time in communicating with employees to sensitize them on the impact of absenteeism on the performance of the organization. Such interaction will help in developing a sense of responsibility among the employees thus avoid absenteeism. Employee compensation also helps in reducing absenteeism. Compensation is the reward given to employees for the amount of work they have done in a specific time period. Employees could be compensated through various ways. For instance, there is a need to have over time regulation and payment. This will help in compensating employees for working for many hours than expected. This will help in reducing the level of absenteeism in the work place. For example, employees will be enc ouraged to attend to work even if it means working for long hours because they expect compensation at the end of the day. Contrary, employees may fail to report to work in case they expect working overtime without compensation (Aamodt, 2009). Human resource managers can also influence the conduct of the employees in the work place. The managers can control employees in such a way that there is minimal level of absenteeism. This could be through development and compensation of the employees. This helps in motivating the employees. Human resource managers also have an important role in hiring employees. The human resource managers are supposed to carry out a critical examination of the previous performance of the candidates. This will help in detection of the vices like work place absenteeism among the recruits thus assisting in elimination of candidates who have a tendency of absenteeism in the workplace. By so doing, the company will be able to hire only those employees with a good record of job attendance. Employee empowerment is another crucial aspect in reducing the level of absenteeism. Employee empowerment allows making of independent decisions by the employees concerning an organization. This encourages employees to work towards the realization of organizational goals. It creates a sense of identity since employees will have authority to make some decisions in the organization. The employees, therefore, feel valued and become motivated to improve on their productivity. This boosts job satisfaction and thus an improved level of attendance (Aamodt, 2009). Some of the measures that have been taken by Eastman Kodak to avoid the issue of absenteeism among the employees are directed towards establishing a work- life balance so as to foster job satisfaction. They include provision of part time work rather than having employees working on a full time basis, allowing for job sharing to avoid overworking and monotony, compressed work weeks, telecommuting or flex - place arrangements where people could work at the comfort of their home as well as flextime. The policy parameters that exist to allow for success of the above named measures state that in the event of inability to report to work, an employee have to complete an application, get permission from the supervisor and ensure that the arrangement will not affect the organization negatively. All employees regardless of position, terms of employment or geographical location are entitled to ask for any flexible work arrangement. Adequate information regarding the flexible work arrangements should always be made available to all employees. Supervisors and managers were also impacted with relevant knowledge on flexible work arrangement. The flexible work arrangements at Eastman Kodak have proved to be beneficial to both the supervisors and other employees. Effective relationships and communication have been attributed to this success (Workplace Flexibility, 2010). The management should take a positive approach towards solving the problem of absenteeism. The employees should be appreciated, motivated and cared for. Apart from the specific measures that have been undertaken by Eastman Kodak, the above named strategies ought to be incorporated to allow for success in coming up with an absolute solution of absenteeism in the organization. Conclusion Human resources play a significant role in determining the success of an organization. The productivity of other resources used in an organization depends on the human resources. For instance, other resources used in production in an organization like machines significantly depend on the human resource control. Absenteeism affects the employees’ performance negatively. It could be caused by various factors for instance work stress and job dissatisfaction. An organization should invest in all possible strategies aimed at solving the problem of absenteeism to avoid the effects associated with it. Proper working conditions an d motivation should be offered to foster job satisfaction and thus better performance. Reference List Aamodt, G.M. (2009). Industrial/Organizational Psychology: An Applied Approach. 6th Ed. New York: Cengage Learning. DuBrin J. (2008). Essentials of Management. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Eggert, M. (2002). The Controlling Absenteeism Pocketbook. UK: Pocketbooks Kodak. (2011). Eastman Kodak Company Equal Opportunity Employment Policy (EOE). Retrieved from https://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/default.htm Robbins, S. and Judge, T. (2010). Organizational Behavior. New York: Prentice Hall. Workplace Flexibility (2010). Flexible Work Arrangements: Selected Case Studies. Retrieved from http://workplaceflexibility2010.org/images/uploads/FWA_CaseStudies.pdf This essay on Assessment and analysis of a psychology related problem or challenge in Eastman Kodak was written and submitted by user Franco Byers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Convert Celsius to Kelvin

How to Convert Celsius to Kelvin Celsius and Kelvin are the two most important temperature scales for scientific measurements. Fortunately, its easy to convert between them because the two scales have the same size degree.  All that is needed to convert Celsius to Kelvin is one simple step. (Note its Celsius, not Celcius, a common mis-spelling.) Celsius To Kelvin Conversion Formula Take your Celsius temperature and add 273.15. K  °C 273.15Your answer will be in Kelvin. Remember, the Kelvin temperature scale does not use the degree ( °) symbol. The reason is because Kelvin is an absolute scale, based on absolute zero, while the zero on the Celsius scale is based on the properties of water. Also, measurements given in Kelvin will always be larger numbers than in Celsius. Celsius To Kelvin Conversion Examples For example, if you want to know what 20 °C is in Kelvin: K 20 273.15   293.15 K If you want to know what -25.7 °C is in Kelvin: K -25.7 273.15, which may be rewritten as: K 273.15 - 25.7 247.45 K More Temperature Conversion Examples Its just as easy to convert Kelvin into Celsius. Another important temperature scale is the Fahrenheit scale. If you use this scale, you should be familiar with how to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit and Kelvin to Fahrenheit.

Alternative Energy Sources Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alternative Energy Sources - Research Paper Example Arguments in Favour of Alternative Energy Resources for a Sustainable Environment The arguments typically made in favour of the use of alternative energy resources as opposed to fossil fuel resources tends to emphasize the ubiquity and clean effects of these resources (Nelson, 2011, p. 4). Alternative Energy Resources are Renewable The argument made in favour of replacing fossil fuels with alternative energy resources states that alternative energy resources such as solar power, wind and ocean tides are renewable (Miller and Spoolman, 2007, p. 304). In other words, they cannot be depleted so we do not have to worry about increasing costs as a result of declining supply. On the other hand fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas are non-renewable. Or at least, the formation process can take millions of years. This creates a gap between the rate of production and the rate of consumption of these fuels, which is not conducive to a sustainable environment. For example, it is expect ed that the oil resources of the United Arab Emirates will be depleted in the next 90 or so years (Gulf News, 2008). Similarly, Pakistan has been experiencing an energy crisis because of declining natural gas production. When the supply of these fuels is reduced, the price increases as a result of market forces, which creates economic problems of its own. Alternative Energy Resources are Ubiquitous A second argument made in defense of alternative energy resources is that compared to fossil fuels, they are more widely available. For example, oil is concentrated in certain regions of the world such as the Middle East and the Gulf of Mexico. On the other hand, alternative energy resources such as wind and water are available in several parts of the world in forms that are conducive to power generation. The fact that alternative energy resources come in various forms increases the likelihood of some type of alternative energy resource to be present in a particular part of the world. For instance, the countries along the equator are blessed with longer hours of daylight and sunshine compared with countries further away from the equator. At the same time, certain regions of the world have access to coasts and rivers that can be harnessed to deliver energy. The use of alternative energy resources will reduce the transport of fossil fuels through tankers and pipelines to far-off places. This will reduce the energy costs significantly. As a consequence, the cost of goods and services that are directly influenced by the rising energy costs, such as agricultural produce, will not be affected adversely. Alternative Energy Resources are Non-Polluting The strongest argument made in favour of alternative energy resources by the environmentalists is that such resources are non-polluting. It has become a much discussed fact the persistent discharge of carbon emissions into the atmosphere is related to the environmental disasters that threaten the sustainability of the ecologic al system. The depletion of the ozone layer, the greenhouse effect, global warming and climatic changes have all been attributed to the use of fossil fuels. The greenhouse effect, for instance, is caused by the increase of fossil fuel based emissions in the atmosphere. These emissions form a blanket that prevents solar heat from escaping the atmosphere thus increasing the temperature of the Earth. This

Bioprocessing and industrial Biotechnology Essay

Bioprocessing and industrial Biotechnology - Essay Example gies that are producing high yields of protein can be used as the key for the large scale production and the strategies involved in the production can be monitored for the efficient production of the recombinant proteins. The majority of the therapeutic proteins are produced using the mammalian cell culture system and by using the microbial systems. The mammalian cell culture systems usage for the large scale production involves very huge investments and hence the use of microbial systems is more preferred. The most common bacteria that are used for these production strategies are the Escherichia coli. E.coli was the first heterologous host to be used for the production of recombinant human DNA based material. (Gellissen 2005). Insulin is a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of pancreas. It is essential for oxidation and utilization of blood sugar and maintenance of proper blood sugar level. In the healthy individuals insulin is normally secreted in the body continuously to maintain the glucose concentration as normal in the body. Insulin secretion usually increases after a meal in the body and the peak concentration is achieved within an hour. It also falls down to the normal level with in two hours. The normal plasma concentration of insulin is approximately 10 ^ -9 mol / l. the half life of insulin is only a few minutes. At the normal concentration, insulin is present as a mixture of monomer, dimer, tetramer, and zinc-insulin hexamer. These solutions of insulin are found to have a long lasting action and hence the insulin is produced as solutions only. Inadequate secretion of insulin leads to hyperglycemia (higher blood sugar level). This condition is said to be diabetics. In sulin reduces the blood sugar level and promotes glycogen metabolism in liver and muscles. It also reduces the breakdown of cellular proteins. Further it increases the resistance towards infectious diseases. The treatment of diabetics by treating insulin is

Nursing Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Proposal - Essay Example Research indicates that an approximated number of reported infections of about 38,000 are recorded in the year. Out of the reported cases, 9000 deaths are reported each year. A patients’ duration in the hospital is influenced by CAUTI, which can extend the period to up to 2-4 days. The United States government devotes a full660 million dollars. Treatment of the disease is quite expensive (Cdc.gov, 2015). There is several health complications associated with urinary tract infections that a patients that can suffer if infected. Urinary tract infection damages the urinary drainage system of the patient and causes unnecessary antimicrobial use. The urinary drainage system if infected becomes the habitat for multidrug-resistant bacteria which is easily and quickly spread to other patients. The aim of this paper, the nursing proposal is to focus on the different ways of preventing and minimizing the rates of infections of CAUTI. Patients diagnosed with CAUTI can implement quality improvement (QI) program that would help them improve their health and managements of the disease. The improvement (QI) program helps reduce the risks of CAUTI based on health care organization’s risk assessment. The program helps the patients monitor and use catheters appropriately. Improvement program helps identify and realize the importance of urinary catheter and also gives the necessary information on how and when to remove the catheters when it is no longer in need. An improvement (QI) program will help health care practitioners take great care of their patients and maintain the recommended standards of hygiene of the urinary catheter. With the help of the program experienced and well-trained health professionals will be able to insert urinary catheters using disinfected procedure and sterile equipment. The health care professionals will be in a position of maintaining the urinary catheters by ensuring that the urinar y drainage system is free from blockage (Cdc.gov, 2015). The

The erik erikson theory of development

The erik erikson theory of development Erik Erikson theory of development stipulates the physical, psychological as well as emotional milestones and how they relate to specific developmental tasks in each stage. The personality traits exhibited by individuals are inborn temperament traits while others are learned by a person as he or she develops in regard to the challenges as well as support received in the course of development. Erik Erikson is credited due to the exemplification of the concept of personality development since he believed that the existence of the ego has its roots from birth and behavior exhibited by an individual is not completely defensive (Crandell et al, 2009). Studies advanced by Erik Erikson indicated that the development course of an individual is determined by a three fold interaction between the genetic biological programming of the body, psychological influences as well as ethos or cultural influences. Erik Eriksons developmental theory stipulates eight stages extending from infancy to adulth ood in which different developmental milestones are explained. The first stage from birth to about 18months is referred to as infancy where the Ego development outcome is known as Trust vs. Mistrust. This is the oral sensory stage where major emphasis is laid on the childs mother ability to provide loving care to the child. Through visual contact as well as touch a child is able to trust that life is satisfactory and considerable confidence in the future is achieved. On the contrary, when a child fails to achieve trust and consistent frustrations befall on a person, a deep seated feeling of worthlessness may develop as well as a pronounced mistrust of life in general. Basically during my infancy I was accorded the right treatment which gave me the belief that the world we live in is trustworthy and that every individual has an outmost right to live here. The early childhood stage is from 18 months and extends up to 3 years. The Ego development outcome during this stage refers to Autonomy vs. Shame. The basic strengths which a child ought to develop is will, courage as well as self control. Individuals at this stage learn to master important life skills for themselves. Children not only learn to feed, walk, talk, toilet train but they develop fine motor skills. As the developing child continues to gain control over their bodies through acquisition of new skills and differentiating the right from the wrong, feelings of autonomy and high self esteem are realized. During this period, children largely refuse to undertake the tasks stipulated by the most significant and/ constant caregiver that vital skills of will are developed. However, during this period children tend to be massively vulnerable. This is because children who are unable to learn important skills as well as fail in toilet training experience massive shame and doubt thereby resulting to low self esteem. Relationships with ones parents are very significant. During the Play age from 3 to 5 years a desire to imitate adults is established as well as an inborn want to take the initiative in coming up with ideas during plays. Playing is paramount during this stage as children are involved in playing out roles as well as experimenting in the ideas they believe in. The ego development outcome at this stage is referred to as Initiative vs. Guilt while the basic strength exhibited is purpose. According to Erikson, the child largely struggles with the oedipal struggle as he tries to establish his gender through use of social role identification formalities (Berger, 2004). A child frustrated in regard to natural desires and goals experiences guilty feelings. The school age period between 6 to 12 years is referred to as latency and the ego development outcome attached to it is industry vs. inferiority. The childs ability to learn and acquire new skills as well as knowledge and develop massive accomplishments helps a child develop a sense of industr y. This is a largely social stage during the development where basic strengths of method and competence are made manifest. In case a child experiences inadequacy and inferiority in the midst of his peers competences as well as self esteem problems results. The most important relationships during this period are those found in the school as well as the neighborhood. Gender influences are exhibited during development especially in communication styles, aggression as well as social relationships. Many sociolinguists agree that females largely prefer private talks which are geared towards forming relationships. Since I grew up in an environment with males as all my siblings are boys, my communication was primarily based on report talk with such verbal performances as lecturing information, joking as well as story telling. The kind of plays undertaken by children is based of gender and cultural influences. For instance the boys plays have a leader who directs the course of action and the losers as well as winners are identified. Girls on the other hand girls play in pairs and turn taking is more evident. According to Erikson, the above developmental stages largely depend on what is done to an individual. From adolescence stage which begins from 12 to 18 years, Identity vs. Role confusion is the developmental outcome which seeks to be achieved. Development largely depends on what an individual does. Adolescence is an indeed complex stage in which an individual is neither a child nor adult therefore individuals struggle to forge their identity in social interactions as well as establishing moral issues which to adhere to. Erikson states that individuals are expected to discover who they are. If this is not done adequately, the concerned individuals experience role confusion as well as upheaval. A period known as moratorium is witnessed by individuals who opt to withdraw from responsibilities. Adolescents identify most with their peers and due to lack of experience individuals tend to think in terms of ideals rather than reality hence the reason why massive conflicts are always witnessed during this stage (Berger, 2004). In young adulthood, between 18 and 35 years, the basic strengths t o be achieved are affiliation and love. According to Erikson, during the initial stages of becoming adults, individuals largely seek for love and companionship. Through marriage and establishing friendships, individuals seek to acquire mutually satisfying relationships. Individuals who negotiate through this stage successfully get to experience intimacy at the deepest level possible while those that fail isolation and distance from other people result. In my case, I married in the year 1999 and experienced deep intimacy. The significant relationships are those established with friends as well as marital partners. Middle Adulthood sets in from age 35 to 55 or 65. The ego development outcome involves generativity vs. stagnation. According to Erikson, during this stage individuals are largely occupied with their careers as well as creative works while at the same time involved in family obligations. Individuals expect to be in charge of their affairs. The basic strengths to demonstrate are protection and care. This is achieved through undertaking the significant task of perpetuating culture as well as transmitting values to the lives of the children. The parents should tame their children through providing a stable environment in which the children grow up in. According to Erikson, Generativity is achieved when an individual demonstrates care of other people especially children thereby resulting to production of something which significantly contributes to the betterment of the society (Kail Cavanaugh, 2008). This is the stage where ones children gradually leave home. This move largely results to major life changes thus resulting to mid life crises. Self absorption and stagnation is experienced by people who fail to go through this stage successfully. During this period, relationships which matter the most are those existing in the workplace, family and the community at large. Late adulthood which is witnessed from 55 or 65 years up-to death requires comprehensible demonstration of the vital strength in wisdom. According to Erikson, the ego development outcome at this stage is integrity vs. despair. Since individuals have spent substantial amount of time preparing their lives during middle adulthood, late adulthood presents an opportunity to recover from the challenges of life. As older adults, individuals have an opportunity to look at their lives with happiness as well as contentment. Recognition of the contribution made by an individual in life is what brings satisfaction and Erikson refers to it as integrity (Berk, 2004). Contrary, there are individuals who get to this stage and exhibit feelings of despair owing to the misgivings and perceived failures they have witnessed in their lives. Kohlbergs theory of moral development compares significantly with Eriksons developmental theory since the moral milestones achieved by an individual throughout his lif etime are stipulated. According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is what determines the ethical behavior to be achieved by an individual. While expanding on Piagets work, Kohlberg established that moral development is primarily concerned with the need to demonstrate justice and continues throughout the life of an individual (Kail Cavanaugh, 2008). Through analyzing moral reasoning displayed by individuals in such cases as Heinz dilemma, Kohlberg managed to classify the actions and morals of various individuals into six distinct stages. The levels advanced by Kohlberg are classified into Pre-conventional, conventional as well as post-conventional with each level having two other stages. The pre-conventional stage is commonly exhibited by children although there are instances when even adults get to associate with this stage. The morality of an action is determined by the direct consequences exhibited by a particular action. Since a child has not fully conceptualized the societal conventions in regard to what actions are right or wrong, he or she focus on the kind or rewards or punishments a particular action is likely to elicit. The obedience and punishment orientation makes an individual to focus on the punishment advanced thus if the punishment is bad, the action is equally bad. This view is largely egocentric. Stage two in pre- conventional level is driven by self interest concerns whereby an individual seeks to determine the benefit he or she will derive from an activity. Thus, concern for other peoples interests is not as a result of respect or loyalty. The conventional level is typically demonstrated by adolescents as well as adults. People who reason in conventional ways base the morality of action in regard to the societal views as well as expectations. Conventional morality thus requires an individual to make a deliberate move to accept the societal conventional in regard to what is right or wrong. Thus an individual follows the stipulated societal laws and guidelines without c onsidering the consequences of the actions. In stage three referred to as interpersonal accord and conformity motivated an individual seeks to fill social roles available in his society thus the emphasis lies in trying to live up to the expectations of the society. Thus stage three reasoning constitutes judging the morality of an action by considering the kind of effect that an individuals relationship will demonstrate. When respect and gratitude sets in, people feel the need to fit in social roles since they want to be liked by other members of society owing to the good behaviors they demonstrate. According to Kohlberg, stage two of conventional morality is authority and social order obedience motivated. The importance of obeying the stipulated laws, social conventions as well as dictums lies in the massive need to maintain a society which is functioning well (Lerner Weiner, 2003). Thus society needs transcend individual approval when making any moral reasoning. It is a central id eal which is present in the society which makes people want to follow the stipulated rules and regulations. Majority of the active members of the society remain in this stage of moral judgment. The post conventional level of moral development is known as the principled level. According to Kohlberg, it is the realization that individuals are separate from society which makes individual perspectives to be considered before making decisions. People in this stage make decisions owing to the abstract personal principles they uphold. In stage one of post conventional level known as social contract driven, the world is considered to hold varied rights, values as well as opinions which must be respected by all people in the society. In this stage, laws are not considered as rigid dictums rather rules are considered as social contracts which need be changed in order to address the good on all people in the society. Various decisions as well as inevitable compromises come into interplay when such actions are being undertaken. The final stage is universal ethical principle motivated and it encompasses abstract reasoning during moral reasoning processes. The validity of laws is based o nly on their ability to uphold justice thus laws without an obligation to justice need be fully disobeyed. Since decisions are not arrived at hypothetically, a completely absolute method need be developed to come up with such conclusions. Kohlberg emphasizes the fact that the individuals, who have reached this level of moral development, put themselves in another persons situation if at all they believed the truth of another persons action (Lerner Weiner, 2003). The consensus which results from such an action is the decision undertaken. Thus individuals act not because an action is legal, instrumental, or expected but rather because the action is right. It is quite difficult to determine individuals who operate in this level. The cultural background of an individual plays a major role in determining the moral milestones achieved during the development process. Since culture encompasses the total communitys social, economic as well as political structures which shape the total outlook of an individual. It is the culture which determines the sensibilities, attitudes, skills as well as dispositions which in turn make an individual morally mature in all spheres of life. In case a cultural setting lays much emphasis on punishment, individuals will primarily remain in the pre- conventional stage of moral authority where actions are determined by the kind of punishment which will be accorded. Differences in sex exhibit different moral development of women and men. Women typically remain at stage three of moral development since they primarily encompass interpersonal feelings during decision making process. Men are largely stationed at stage five and six since they reflect mostly on abstract perceptions of societ al organization during decision making process (Lerner Weiner, 2003). This can be further explained by the fact that women do not undertake their responsibilities in regard to the conventionally accepted norms but rather on their own individual insights in regard to care and responsibilities of their children.

No “More” Socialism: Debunking Raphael Hythlodaeus’ Argument Against Pr

George Orwell, in his famous essay, â€Å"Why Socialists Don’t Believe in Fun,† aptly described the problem of any Utopian ideal. â€Å"It would seem that human beings are not able to describe, nor perhaps to imagine, happiness except in terms of contrast†¦ Nearly all creators of Utopia have resembled the man who has (a) toothache, and therefore thinks happiness consists in not having a toothache. They wanted to produce a perfect society by an endless continuation of something that had only been valuable because it was temporary† (Orwell). In Thomas More’s Utopia, Raphael Hythloday is used as a conduit through which More expresses his distaste with private property. It is striking how true Orwell’s words can be applied to More’s Utopia. More’s criticism of private property is structurally fallible, and his description of an alternative is deeply implausible. Raphael is used to lay out the Utopian alternative economic and civic system, from the common-place â€Å"peasant subsistence economy† of More’s England through his description of the idealist island of Utopia (Overton 4). Raphael’s case against private property is built upon two principle supports; the perceived fallacies and failures in a peasant subsistence capitalistic economy, and how seemingly intuitive the socialistic alternatives of the island of Utopia are in solving the tribulations which so perplex the world’s peasantry. If we analyze Raphael’s argument, we find that it is grossly mis-calculated. The assumptions made in both the construction of Utopia and the deconstruction of England’s economic system are both contradictory and completely over-simplified. With our advantage of economic and historical hindsight we can see that Raphael lays blame without knowledge, and we can se... ... A. Von. Collectivist Economic Planning. London: [s.n.], 1950. Print. Hunt, E. K. History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2002. Print. Marx, Karl, Friedrich Engels, David McLellan, and Samuel Moore. The Communist Manifesto. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford UP, 1998. Print. Mill, John Stuart, and W. J. Ashley. Principles of Political Economy, with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy. New York: A. M. Kelley, eller, 1965. Print. More, Thomas, and George M. Logan. Utopia: A Revised Translation, Backgrounds, Criticism. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2011. Print. Orwell, George. The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968. Print. Overton, Mark. Agricultural Revolution in England: The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy, 1500-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996. Print.

Innovation and creativity evaluation of Apple Corporation Essay

Economic growth and development of any country depends upon a well-knit financial system. Financial system comprises, a set of sub-systems of financial institutions financial markets, financial instruments and services which help in the formation of capital. Thus a financial system provides a mechanism by which savings are transformed into investments and it can be said that financial system play an significant role in economic growth of the country by mobilizing surplus funds and utilizing them effectively for productive purpose. The financial system is characterized by the presence of integrated, organized and regulated financial markets, and institutions that meet the short term and long term financial needs of both the household and corporate sector. Both financial markets and financial institutions play an important role in the financial system by rendering various financial services to the community. They operate in close combination with each other. Financial System The word â€Å"system†, in the term â€Å"financial system†, implies a set of complex and closely connected or interlined institutions, agents, practices, markets, transactions, claims, and liabilities in the economy. The financial system is concerned about money, credit and finance-the three terms are intimately related yet are somewhat different from each other. Indian financial system consists of financial market, financial instruments and financial intermediation Role/ Functions of Financial System: A financial system performs the following functions: * It serves as a link between savers and investors. It helps in utilizing the mobilized savings of scattered savers in more efficient and effective manner. It channelises flow of saving into productive investment. * It assists in the selection of the projects to be financed and also reviews the performance of such projects periodically. * It provides payment mechanism for exchange of goods and services. * It provides a mechanism for the transfer of resources across geographic boundaries. It provides a   mechanism for managing and controlling the risk involved in mobilizing savings and allocating credit. * It promotes the process of capital formation by bringing together the supply of saving and the demand for investible funds. * It helps in lowering the cost of transaction and increase returns. Reduce cost motives people to save more. * It provides you detailed information to the operators/ players in the market such as individuals, business houses, Governments etc. Components/ Constituents of Indian Financial system: The following are the four main components of Indian Financial system 1. Financial institutions 2. Financial Markets 3. Financial Instruments/Assets/Securities 4. Financial Services. Financial institutions: Financial institutions are the intermediaries who facilitates smooth functioning of the financial system by making investors and borrowers meet. They mobilize savings of the surplus units and allocate them in productive activities promising a better rate of return. Financial institutions also provide services to entities seeking advises on various issues ranging from restructuring to diversification plans. They provide whole range of services to the entities who want to raise funds from the markets elsewhere. Financial institutions act as financial intermediaries because they act as middlemen between savers and borrowers. Were these financial institutions may be of Banking or Non-Banking institutions. Financial Markets: Finance is a prerequisite for modern business and financial institutions play a vital role in economic system. It’s through financial markets the financial system of an economy works. The main functions of financial markets are. To facilitate creation and allocation of credit and liquidity; 2. to serve as intermediaries for mobilization of savings; 3. to assist process of balanced economic growth; 4. to provide financial convenience Financial Instruments Another important constituent of financial system is financial instruments. They represent a claim against the future income and wealth of others. It will be a claim against a person or an institutions, for the payment of the some of the money at a specified future date. Financial Services: Efficiency of emerging financial system largely depends upon the quality and variety of financial services provided by financial intermediaries. The term financial services can be defined as â€Å"activites, benefits and satisfaction connected with sale of money, that offers to users and customers, financial related value†. Pre-reforms Phase Until the early 1990s, the role of the financial system in India was primarily restricted to the function of channeling resources from the surplus to deficit sectors. Whereas the financial system performed this role reasonably well, its operations came to be marked by some serious deficiencies over the years. The banking sector suffered from lack of competition, low capital base, low Productivity and high intermediation cost. After the nationalization of large banks in 1969 and 1980, the Government-owned banks dominated the banking sector. The role of technology was minimal and the quality of service was not given adequate importance. Banks also did not follow proper risk management systems and the prudential standards were weak. All these resulted in poor asset quality and low profitability. Among non-banking financial intermediaries, development finance institutions (DFIs) operated in an over-protected environment with most of the funding coming from assured sources at concessional terms. In the insurance sector, there was little competition. The mutual fund industry also suffered from lack of competition and was dominated for long by one institution, viz. , the Unit Trust of India. Non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) grew rapidly, but there was no regulation of their asset side. Financial markets were characterized by control over pricing of financial assets, barriers to entry, high transaction costs and restrictions on movement of funds/participants between the market segments. This apart from inhibiting the development of the markets also affected their efficiency. Financial Sector Reforms in India It was in this backdrop that wide-ranging financial sector reforms in India were introduced as an integral part of the economic reforms initiated in the early 1990s with a view to improving the macroeconomic performance of the economy. The reforms in the financial sector focused on creating efficient and stable financial institutions and markets. The approach to financial sector reforms in India was one of gradual and non-disruptive progress through a consultative process. The Reserve Bank has been consistently working towards setting an enabling regulatory framework with prompt and effective supervision, development of technological and institutional infrastructure, as well as changing the interface with the market participants through a consultative process. Persistent efforts have been made towards adoption of international benchmarks as appropriate to Indian conditions. While certain changes in the legal infrastructure are yet to be effected, the developments so far have brought the Indian financial system closer to global standards. The reform of the interest regime constitutes an integral part of the financial sector reform. With the onset of financial sector reforms, the interest rate regime has been largely deregulated with a view towards better price discovery and efficient resource allocation. Initially, steps were taken to develop the domestic money market and freeing of the money market rates. The interest rates offered on Government securities were progressively raised so that the Government borrowing could be carried out at market-related rates. In respect of banks, a major effort was undertaken to simplify the administered structure of interest rates. Banks now have sufficient flexibility to decide their deposit and lending rate structures and manage their assets and liabilities accordingly. At present, apart from savings account and NRE deposit on the deposit side and export credit and small loans on the lending side, all other interest rates are deregulated. Indian banking system operated for a long time with high reserve requirements both in the form of Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR). This was a consequence of the high fiscal deficit and a high degree of monetisation of fiscal deficit. The efforts in the recent period have been to lower both the CRR and SLR. The statutory minimum of 25 per cent for SLR has already been reached, and while the Reserve Bank continues to pursue its medium-term objective of reducing the CRR to the statutory minimum level of 3. 0 per cent, the CRR of SCBs is currently placed at 5. 0 per cent of NDTL. As part of the reforms programme, due attention has been given to diversification of ownership leading to greater market accountability and improved efficiency. Initially, there was infusion of capital by the Government in public sector banks, which was followed by expanding the capital base with equity participation by the private investors. This was followed by a reduction in the Government shareholding in public sector banks to 51 per cent. Consequently, the share of the public sector banks in the aggregate assets of the banking sector has come down from 90 per cent in 1991 to around 75 per cent in2004. With a view to enhancing efficiency and productivity through competition, guidelines were laid down for establishment of new banks in the private sector and the foreign banks have been allowed more liberal entry. Since 1993, twelve new private sector banks have been set up. As a major step towards enhancing competition in the banking sector, foreign direct investment in the private sector banks is now allowed up to 74 per cent, subject to conformity with the guidelines issued from time to time. Conclusion: The Indian financial system has undergone structural transformation over the past decade. The financial sector has acquired strength, efficiency and stability by the combined effect of competition, regulatory measures, and policy environment. While competition, consolidation and convergence have been recognized as the key drivers of the banking sector in the coming years

Informative Speech Hybrid Animals Outline Essays

Informative Speech Hybrid Animals Outline Essays Informative Speech Hybrid Animals Outline Paper Informative Speech Hybrid Animals Outline Paper Essay Topic: Informative Connective (Internal Preview): To start off, I will explain about the types of hybrid animal is, the genetic composition, and the species of animal hybrids. Body Main Points: I. The first type of animal hybrid is avian hybrid. A. Avian hybrids are slightly smaller than normal avian species. 1. Avian hybrids like turkey-chicken hybrids have a smaller and lighter body 2. Their average weight are 5 to 7 pounds (2 to 4 keg). B. Avian hybrid has different fur colors. 1 . Avian hybrids such as turkey-chicken hybrid have black markings in certain fur areas, brownish and lighter color according to their animal parents. C. Avian hybrids can be found only in certain countries. . Avian hybrids can only be found in certain countries like Brazil, Mexico, New Zealand, and Ignited States of America. Connective (Transition): Now that I have told you about what avian hybrid is, I will now proceed to the second types of animal hybrid. II. The second type of animal hybrid is mammalian hybrid. A. Mammalian hybrid are bigger than normal mammalian species. 1. Mammalian hybrid like ligers typically grow larger than humans and their parent species thus making it the largest cats in the world. . Their average weight are 800 to 1200 pounds (363 to 544 keg). B. Mammalian hybrid has different fur colors. 1. Mammalian hybrid like ligers have lighter fur tones on its body. C. Mammalian hybrid can be found in captivity or zoo 1 . Mammalian hybrid can only be found in captivity or zoo because the habitats of the parental species do not overlap in the wild. Connective (Transition): Now that I have told you about the mammal ian hybrids, I will continue to the third type of animal hybrid. Ill. The third and final type of animal hybrid is reptilian hybrid. A. Reptilian hybrid are bigger than normal reptilian species. . Reptilian hybrid such as creators is slightly bigger than their parent species which is gecko. 2. Their average weight are 1. 5 to 3. 2 grams upon hatching. B. Reptilian hybrid has different skin colors. 1 . Reptilian hybrid like creators have darker skin color compare to their parent species. C. Reptilian hybrid can be found in Latin America country 1. Reptilian hybrid can be found in certain places with heavy tropical country like Brazil, Colombia, and the Amazon rainforests. Connective (Transition): I have completed explaining about the types of hybrid animals, now lets proceed to the conclusion. Conclusion l. In conclusion, the hybrid animals cannot live longer because hybridism animals and may not be as genetically strong as naturally evolved region specific wild ancestors wildlife which can survive without human husbandry and have high immunity to natural diseases. II. There are uniqueness about avian hybrid, mammalian hybrid and finally, about the reptilian hybrid as well as their sizes, fur and skin colors, and also where those animals can be found. Ill .

Tomatoes in Californias Economy

Tomatoes in Californias Economy Introduction United States is a leading producer of tomatoes worldwide. In fact the United States is only second to China in terms of global production. Both processed and fresh tomatoes industries in the United States account for more than two billion dollars in earnings. Florida and California are the two leading states in tomato production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tomatoes in California’s Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The California tomato industry is the bigger of the two. The California tomato industry was at an all time high in the 1980s and the 1990s. After that, the industry started facing a myriad of problems that eventually resulted in its decline. This paper explores the Californian tomato industry and its fundamentals. The paper also focuses on both the positive and negative aspects of the industry. The Fresh Tomato Industry California’s fresh tomato industry accounts for more than a third of the United States’ total production. The commercial acreage of the fresh tomato industry in California is approximately thirty-five thousand acres. Fresh production of tomatoes was at its peak around the 1980s. At that time the commercial acreage stood at around forty thousand acres. Tomatoes are grown in California all year round except during the winter season. California’s fresh tomato industry has had a national market share of twenty five to thirty seven percent since 1980. Tomato supplies from California peak after the spring season. Commercially, California’s fresh tomato market profitability dips from August to September when other markets have locally produced tomatoes. The demand for California’s tomatoes peaks during the colder months. During this time the United States has to rely on supplementary tomatoes from Mexico. Tomatoes from the California region are mostly supplied to supermarkets around the United States. Around seventy percent of this market is in other states. In addition, most fresh tomatoes from California are purchased by domestic consumers. Tomatoes purchased for industrial purposes account for approximately thirty percent of the total production. Prices of fresh tomatoes around California are considerably low compared to those in other states. Average tomato prices factor in the cost of wages, farm inputs, advertising, and land. Over the last two decades, prices of tomatoes in California have stagnated as a result of increased imports and green house production.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More California’s Tomato Processing Economics Tomato farming is subsequently associated with processed products such as tomato sauce and tomato paste. California leads in production of processed tomato products. Its global market share stands at around thirty percent. The ot her large producers of these products include Spain and China. Just like the fresh tomatoes industry, the processing industry flourished around the 1980s and 1990s. This boom was mostly occasioned by high prices, expanded acreage, and higher yielding tomato varieties. Oversupply was the main factor responsible for the decline of this industry. In 2000 economic observers had predicted that the tomato market industry would experience a decline in the subsequent years. One of the leading tomato processors by the name of Tri Valley Growers Limited filed for bankruptcy in that same year. This resulted in a crisis for the many farmers who were suppliers of this company. The tomato processing industry was predicted to decline based on various factors. One of these was the over-supply that had resulted from the ever increasing acreage. In the San Joaquin Valley for instance, tomatoes were virtually the only crop under production. The other factor was the declining domestic consumption that had resulted from increased imports. There was also a case of increased processing capacity. This meant that no produce was wasted irrespective of the level of supply. Eventually this supply overcame demand resulting in an over-supply of processed tomato products. The other reason for this grim prediction was the fact that other markets were seeking to reprise the success of the Californian industry. In turn, the tomato industry in California was facing stiff competition internationally. The Californian tomato industry was originally meant to substitute the cotton industry. By then the cotton industry was seemingly on the decline. In addition, processed tomatoes had substantially higher returns. This enterprise soon flourished with farmers in California proceeding to develop their own processing plants. In the years between 1980 and 2000, tomato growing and processing was a very viable economic venture. This was until the predicted downturn began taking effect around the year 2000. In the last ten years, statistics show that there has not been any tangible growth in this industry. Even in terms of production volumes, the figures still point towards a decline. The global market share previously held by Californian products is slowly being absorbed by Western European countries and China.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tomatoes in California’s Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is approximated that tomato growing acreage has been declining by an average of three percentage points per year. Volumes of production have also declined considerably. County wise, San Joaquin County leads in production with volumes of forty tons per acre in the last ten years. Fresno and Yolo counties are close contenders with a ten-year average of thirty eight and thirty six tons per acre respectively. The reasons for this stagnated processing industry were covered earlier. To cope with this decline bo th private and farmer-owned industries have built larger and more efficient plants. This move has reduced processing costs and ensured production of a higher quality tomato paste. Since 2000 most factories have focused on building their processing capacity. Processing plants are mostly built to support a specific acreage. It is for this reason that some experts have argued that the reason for the decreasing acreage is because no new processing plants have been built to support new acreage. It is therefore assumed that additional processing plants would stimulate an increase in acreage. Currently the processing capacity of the industry in California stands at around eleven million tons per season. The domestic tomato processing industry is on its part showing signs of improvement from the decline occasioned in the last decade. Currently, the household per capita consumption of tomato products is approximately seventy five pounds. This is a very high rate when it is compared to other developed countries. There are no readily available statistics of consumption rates of other processed tomato products. Therefore, there is no way of finding out the consumption rates of individual products like pastes, sauces, catsup, juices, among others. Tomato production in California is mostly forward contracted. There is a bargaining association that represents a majority of the farmers in California. This association is known as CTGA- California Tomato Growers Association and it negotiates independently with processors. For this reason, most farmers in California receive approximately the same prices for their tomatoes. Consequently, the price of tomatoes in California has remained constant over the last decade. This is different from other vegetables that have been characterized by fluctuating prices. This trend is mostly as a result of contracting. It also serves as an indicator of the fact that contracting stabilizes prices over a long period of time.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More United States is both an exporter and an importer of processed tomato products. Statistics of this intra-industry trade show that the United State’s net exports have risen in the last few years. In the 2010- 2011 season, exports of processed tomato products were slightly less than one ton. These figures indicate that only about ten percent of tomatoes grown in the United States end up being exported. The two main export destinations of processed tomato products are Mexico and Canada. These two countries combined purchase about sixty percent of the total United States exports. Japan has also been another export destination. However, this market has recently been facing stiff competition from China. Despite the tough competition in the global front, California’s tomato industry has remained a formidable force. Observers had predicted that China would displace California in the global market. However, over the last decade California’s global market share has remain ed constant. Economically, China has performed better by managing to double its processing capacity over the same period. In addition, China’s acreage has managed to increase by around thirty percent. The main reason for this turn of events is the fact that California has been able to maintain its domestic market share. This share accounts for about ninety percent of California’s total production. Industry experts are still wary of China’s rise. Most predictors are afraid that China may flood the global market with tomato paste in the near future. Conclusion This paper has explored the basic economic aspects of tomato growing and processing in California. It can therefore be concluded that this industry is mainly dependent on domestic consumption. This means global market shocks have not affected the industry in a major way. China still remains the biggest competitor to California’s products on the global front. In addition, the secret of the industryâ₠¬â„¢s growth is an increase in export capacity.

To What Extent Does Personality Predict Employee Performance Essay

To What Extent Does Personality Predict Employee Performance - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the identification of the potentials of employees to respond to the demands of their role can be characterized as one of the most critical challenges for managers in modern organizations. Moreover, it has been proved that employee performance can be depended on various factors; securing high employee performance can be a difficult task even for highly experienced HR managers. The literature developed in regard to this subject verifies the intervention of personality in the prediction of employee performance. However, the terms of involvement of personality in the prediction of employee performance are not standardized, being influenced by the organizational environment and the psychological characteristics of individuals, as analyzed below. In any case, the value of personality as a means for predicting the performance of individuals in the workplace cannot be doubted. In fact, the research developed in this field proved that personali ty is a strong indicator of an individual’s behavior in all aspects of his daily life, no matter his economic or social status. In regard to the above, the following issue should be also explored: is the prediction of employee performance using personality fully accurate or not and how the relevant risks can be limited? Personality, as a concept, refers to various aspects of human behavior. In practice, it has been proved that the personality characteristics, or else traits, of individuals, are likely to be incorporated into five, major, categories. The relevant model of personality is known as the ‘Five Factor model’. The categories of the particular model are presented in the paper. Different explanations have been given in the literature in regard to the involvement of personality in employee performance. The Big Five model, as presented above, can be used for measuring employee performance, both in regard to specific individuals and in regard to groups. In th e last case, the personality characteristics/ traits of each group’s individuals would be ‘gathered and evaluated as a total for identifying the group’s performance’.

Corporate Frauds and Absence of Ethical Demeanor Essay

Corporate Frauds and Absence of Ethical Demeanor - Essay Example As per Trevino and Weaver (2003), ethical culture is one which rouses ethical demeanor. Ethical leadership involves proper demeanor through interpersonal relationships and personal actions and the advocating such demeanors to subordinates, mainly through two-way communication, decision-making and reinforcement As per Martin and Cullen (2006), ethical climate in an organization refers to normative systems of organizational work climate mirroring the organization’s policies, procedures, and practices with moral outcomes. As per Victor and Cullen (1988), ethical work climate refers to the organizational procedures and practices that direct the decision-making of organization and the systematic outcomes to ethical dilemmas. The ethical climate is one of the main ingredients of the culture of an organization. Ethical climate plays a dominant role when fraud is observed in an organization. As per Shin (2012), CEOs’ ethical demeanor is directly associated with employeesâ€℠¢ overall view of the ethical atmosphere of the organization (Soltani, 2014, p.254). Enron on October 16, 2001, published figures that exposed conspicuous accounting malpractices. One of the questionable accounting practices followed by the Enron was that is improper accounting of a note receivable from Enron’s equity partners in different limited partnerships. WorldCom also indulged in one of the largest corporate accounting scandals in the US which were projected at $14 billion as of March 2004. SEC alleged that WorldCom purportedly exaggerated its† revenue before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA)† in 2001 and in 2002 (SEC Annual Report 2002). HealthSouth Corporation of USA ordered the accounting personnel’ of the company to inflate the revenue to match the Wall Street analyst’ projections (Soltani, 2014, p.262).

Research on Financial Statement Restatement and Ethics Paper

On Financial Statement Restatement and Ethics - Research Paper Example The company restated its position on august 1, 2012 stating that the financial records were not fit for their purpose in compliance with general accounting and reporting standards (Cubic Corporation, 2008). One of the impending reasons that can lead to the restatement as witnessed by the recent restatement is correcting errors. It forms one of the most common reasons for financial restatement (Cubic Corporation, 2008). It happens after the release of the financial statements. Consequently, errors are found by the company or the auditor. If the error margin is observed as material to financial statements, the statements are to be corrected and re-issued to the users. Materiality is determined if the statements will lead to the users coming to incorrect conclusions in their analysis (Taub, 2006). Another reason is the changes in GAAP. If a change in the current accounting methods brings about a change in the prior year’s statements in the case of retroactive application, the statements are required to be restated (Taub, 2005). As such, it ensures that no statement is changed over the course arises from a change in the accounting policy in use. For instance, the company chose to switch from a first-in-first-out inventory costing policy to a last-in-first-out. Consequently, the statements in the previous period must be restated in order to follow the new policy. Changes in reporting entity also cause restatement of financial statements (Lee et al., 2006). In the case of a company transition from one set of ownership to a new one or the structure of ownership change in the current year and the change has an impact in the current financial statements reporting or disclosures, the prior period comparative statements must be restated. The restatement is made to facilitate a smooth transition such that the implication will be that the change occurred in the beginning of the current year (Plumlee & Yohn, 2008b). Restatement brings about

Self centered Essay Example for Free

Self centered Essay In Society, Many people conduct themselves unsympathetic towards one another. A great example of how someone would treat one another in society is in Willa Cather’s short story â€Å"Paul’s Case. Where the Protagonist, Paul, displays a lack of sympathy in the way he conducts himself when he confronts himself with people and stressful situations. For Instance when Paul was â€Å"questioned by the Principal as to why he was there, Paul stated, politely enough, that he wanted to come back to school† (pg171). Even though, he said politely that he wanted to come back to schoolÍ ¾ he lied. Although, it is important to reconsider that Paul didn’t say anything else, due to fear of disapproval from his father. What was more inappropriate was his appearance of the scandalous red carnation in his buttonhole that he wore to the principal’s office that showed he had a lack of submission towards authority to his teachers. Furthermore, when also confronted by his teacher while he ushered at Carnegie Hall. Paul reflected himself â€Å"the tickets had probably been sent her out of kindness†(pg 173), While adding â€Å"she had no business amongst these fine people and gay colors† (pg173). By reasoning this way, Paul shows no compassion towards anyone he knows that may be able to receive the rich possessions or entertainment that he longed ­for. That he would have never experienced unless he ushered at Carnegie Hall.

Effect of Nematode on Tobacco

Effect of Nematode on Tobacco Tobacco 1.0 Introduction Tobacco (Nicotina tabacum L.) is one of the most important non- food crop and widely grown commercially (Akerhust, 1981). This plant had a high economic value and widely demanded throughout the world for the usage of the nicotine, cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco product (Akerhust, 1981). Nowadays, in Malaysia, Tobacco industry is very crucial in uplifting the socio-economic status of farmer in Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis. There were 20,524 farm families, 355 tobacco curers, 1300 grower and 25384 station workers. This industry generates about 150 million in income per year. 38% of the income goes to the farmers and 18% to the curers (http://www.malaysiayellowpages.net/mpi/details/TOBACCO.htm). This plant can give a stable income and therefore increased the income of farmer (Wells, 1987). Tobacco was cultivated as a rotation with the paddy for a side income (Anon, 1981). Tobacco plant can be infected by bacteria, fungus, virus, and parasitic nematode. Disease infection lower the tobacco yield and also quality. This research focused on effect of plant parasitic nematode on tobacco. Plant parasitic nematode can be found wherever tobacco is grown. The severity of the damage they caused depended on climate and soil type (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). Nematode infection may lower the quality and yields. Annual report from North Carolina in 2008, showed Meloidogyne spp. it self cause loses around $2,505,126 in 2004, $1,596,452 in 2005, $ 1,772,819 in 2006, $1,542,864 in 2007, and $4,096,321 in 2008 while other nematodes cause $146,297 in 2004, $2281 in 2005, $529,188 in 2006 and $208,612 in 2008 (www.dowagro.com/soil/products/tobacco/economic.htm). In Malaysia, the effect of nematode on tobacco yield reduction has not been fully understand or revealed. Therefore, the objectives of this project were: To observe the effect of nematode on tobacco. To observe the relationship of soil physical properties on nematode population density and disease severity. 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Tobacco Tobacco was one of the most important non- food crop and widely grown commercially (Akerhust, 1981). This plant originated came from South America (Tso, 1972). However according to Gerstel (1961), Nicotina tabacum not occurring in wild state it was amphidiploids which come from hybridization of Nicotina sylvestris and Nicotina tomentosiformis. This plant has a high economic value and has been widely demanded throughout the world for the usage of the nicotine such as cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco product (Akerhust, 1981). This plant also important for the research purposes (Tso, 1972). Many researches have been done by using this plant mostly in Plant physiology and Genetics (Bateman Millar, 1966; Albersheim et. al., 1969; Kosuge, 1969). In Malaysia, Tobacco was first introduced in year 1959 by Malayan Tobacco Company (now known as Malaysia Tobacco Company, MTC) in Kelantan cultivation area for 8 hectares (Anon., 1976). Nowadays, in Malaysia, Tobacco industry has been very crucial in uplifting the socio-economic status of farmer in Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis. There were 20,524 farm families, 355 tobacco curers, 1300 grower and 25384 station workers. This industry generated about 150 million in income per year. 38% of the income goes to the farmers and 18% to the curers (Ministry of primary industry, 2010). This plant can give a stable income and therefore can increase the income of farmer (Wells, 1987). Tobacco is cultivated as a rotation with the paddy for a side income (Anon, 1981). However, product and quality of tobacco leaf are quite low due to encountering many problems, including diseases. For Tobacco cultivation, a deep and well drained soil is needed. This is where nematodes problem develop rapid ly (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). 2.2 Nematodes related with the Tobacco Plant parasitic nematode can be found wherever tobacco is grown. The severity of the damage they caused may depended on climate and soil type (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). Many tobacco producing countries are near or within the inter-tropical zone. The dominant nematodes that parasitize tobacco plant were Meloidogyne spp. (a root-knot nematode). Most of important species from this genus were M.arenaria, M.incognita, M.javanica, and M.hapla. M.incognita and M.javanica were important species in Malaysia. Other Meloidogyne spp., were rarely reported. Similarly, Pratylenchus spp. were also dominant species that parasitize tobacco plant (Kimpinski and Thompson 1990). Apart from Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Globodera spp., Ditylenchus dipsaci and Aphelenchus ritzemabosi were reported to parasitized tobacco plant in certain restricted area. Other nematodes such as Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Scutellonema, Rotylenchulus sp., Tetylenchus and Crinomella sp. hav e been found to infect tobacco plant but not normally associated with losses. Some nematode species such as Xiphinema, Longidorus, Trichodorus, and Paratrichodorus have been reported to transmit viruse to tobacco (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). Nematodes also may cause disease complex. For example Meloidogyne spp. a root-knot nematodes has been proved to increase the incident of Fusarium wilt even when their population were incapable to cause direct damage to the tobacco plant (Webster, 1972). Another example was interaction between Pratylenchus brachyurus (lesion nematode) and Phyptopthora parasitica var. nicotianae (cause black shank disease). Inagaki and Powell (1969) found that P. brachyurus caused more severe and rapid diseased development of black shank symptom than when the fungus alone. 2.3 Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. 2.3.1 Distribution Meloidogyne spp. are always important parasites in tobacco cultivation, wherever the climate favours them (Nusbaum, 1960; Daulton, 1964; Barker et al., 1981; Rich et al., 1982). There were 61 species and two subspecies in this genus at the end of 1988 (Eisenback, 1985; Eisenback Hirschmann, 1991). Nowadays until year 2000 there were 80 species have been describing (Carneiro et al., 2000). Parasitism of Meloidogyne spp. was first reported by Tisdale (1922) in Florida. This genus was also a serious pest in Southern Africa in the late 1920s (Jack, 1927; NaudÑ?, 1929). Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica were mostly found parasitize the tobacco plant. Their infection was very relying on the climate, since M.javanica had a higher tolerance towards drought and high temperature compared with M.incognita (Daulton Nusbaum, 1969, 1962; Taylor et al., 1982). Meloidogyne arenaria and M.hapla were the next mostly found to cause infection on tobacco plant. Meloidogyne hapla was reported to be found in the cooler parts of the world. Report from fields survey in Florida showed M.javanica was found in 65% of fields survey area, M.incognita 33% and M.arenaria was rarely found (Rich Garcia, 1985). Report from North Carolina showed M.arenaria population had increased gradually although M.incognita was the predominant species there. This observation also showed the same in South Carolina (Fortnum et al., 1984; Schmitt Barker, 1988). Apart from that, M.javanica and M.hapla was reported to be found in North Carolina. Reported showed that there were 64% of M.incognita and 29% of M.javanica to be found in Philippines (Madamba, 1981). Meloidogyne incognitagraham, M.microcephala, M.mayaguensis, M.cruciani, M.enterolobii, M.ethiopica, M.platani, M. themesi were also reported to parasitize reproduce tobacco plant but their importance was very restricted (Cliff hirschmann, 1984; Jepson, 1987; Rammah 1988; Rammah and Hirshmann, 1988). 2.3.2 General morphology The morphology of this genus were almost all same the except for some characteristic which usually were very useful for species identification. They were usually sexually dimorphic. Adult female have swollen, saccate bodies (pear shape like body). The size of female ranged in median length 0.44-1.30 mm and width about 0.33-0.70 mm (Eisenback, 1985). They have protrudes neck anteriorly while vulva and anus were located terminally. The female of this genus have pearly white body with moderately thick cuticle. Stylet were short, moderately sclerotized and protrusibly hollow. The stylet size was 10-24ÂÂ µm in length which consists of cone, shaft and knobs. The morphology of the stylet was quite varying between species in this genus. The morphology of stylet should be one of the supplemental characteristic to be observed for species identification. The stylet functions like hypodermic needle which was moved by protractor muscles. The shaped of the cone, shaft, and knobs also differ a mong female species in this genus. At the posterior of stylet knobs, there was dorsal esophageal gland orifices (DEGO). DEGO was the two sub ventral gland orifices open into the esophagus lumen. DEGO had a varied distance among species which also can be supplemental character for species identification. The excretory pore of the Meloidogyne spp. female situated anterior to median bulb valve plat and usually near stylet base. They also have two convoluted genital tracts. The major part of the total body content consists of two gonads which were very long and greatly convoluted. There were ovary with germinal zone and growth zone, narrow oviduct, globular spermatotheca and long uterus in each gonad. Spermatotheca were differing among species. Therefore this character can also be use for species identification. Apart from that, the cuticle in the perineal region of female from this genus forming a finger print-like pattern (the perineal pattern) which also had been use for species iden tification. This is because, the perineal pattern hold most characteristic of female such as tail terminus, phasmids, lateral lines, anus, and vulva which surrounded by cuticular striae or folds. They also have six large unicellular rectal glands situated in the posterior body region. These rectal glands were connected to the rectum. This gland produce very large amount of gelatinous matrix material. This material was excreted through the rectum and act as protective egg sac (Nickle, 1991). Different with the female, male of Meloidogyne sp. are vermiform. The size of the body vary between species which are about 700-2,000 ÂÂ µm (Eisenback, 1985). This is because the varying environmental condition existing during their development. Body of the male usually twisted through 180ÃÅ'Ã…   upon heat relaxation. The male stylet vary in size which are about 13-30 ÂÂ µm. The stylet and head of male from this genus are robust. Apart from that, size and shape of the stylet cone, shaft, and knobs can be use for species identification (Eisenback and Hirschmann, 1981). The location of DEGO is 2-13 ÂÂ µm posterior to the stylet knob base. The isthmus is short and most of the species have ventrally two overlapping gland lobe instead of normally three esophageal nuclei. The hemizonid located at the front to excretory pore. However some species the hemizonid located at the posterior of excretory pore. In normal male there is only one gonad while in sex-reversed males have two gonads. There is long vas deferens packed with developing sperm in the gonad. Among the species, the size of the spicules range from 19 to 40 ÂÂ µm. The spicules usually robust and the bursa are absent. Tail is short (hemispherical shape). There is also variation of tail shape between species (Nickle, 1991). A second stage juvenile was the infective stage of Meloidogyne sp. It has varied body length from 290 to 912ÂÂ µm (Eisenback, 1985). The head of second stage juvenile basically just same with the male. It has a delicate stylet with 8 to 18ÂÂ µm in length. The DEGO distance are varied among species with the distance mostly 2 to 8ÂÂ µm. The esophagus of the second stage juvenile is narrow with faintly outline procorpus. The median bulb is well defined. Median bulb has a large valve plate and three long ventrally overlapping glands that are use for molting and feeding. The second stage juvenile has a varied position of excretory pore. The hemizoid located posteriorly to the pore. The tail length of second stage juvenile varied among species. Usually the length is 15 to 100ÂÂ µm. At the end of the tail there is hyaline terminus. In this genus, second stage juveniles are group base on the tail length and tail shape (Whitehead, 1968; Jepson, 1984). Jepson (1987) showed that differences in either mean tail and or mean hyaline terminus are very large. These vast differences can be very useful to distinguish species within groups (Nickle, 1991). 2.3.3 Life cycle Meloidogyne sp. shows sexually dimorphism, which is the female are pyriform or saccate, while the males vermiform (Eisenback, 1987). The differences in body shaped between female and male occurred during the postembryonic development of Meloidogyne sp.. From the embryonic development, the egg hatched once to become first-stage juvenile and then molted as a second stage juvenile. The second-stage juvenile was infective stage. It moved into the soil and entered the root of suitable host plant. This second-stage juvenile then formed host-parasites relationship with the plant when it find preferred feeding site. The morphology of second-stage juvenile changed to flask-shape as it feeds on the special nurse cell. Then, without further feeding it molted three times into the third and fourth stage juvenile, and finally become an adult. The saccate adult female resumed feeding on the special nurse cell shortly after the last molt and continued to do so for the remainder of her life. The repr oductive system of both female and male of this genus developed into functional gonads during the postembryonic development (Triantaphyllou and Hirschmann, 1960). From the number of the gonad, we can differentiate the sexes. Females always have two gonads while males usually have one. During fourth-stage juvenile, the shape of saccate male juvenile changed to the vermiform adult males. The metamorphosis occurred in which the body elongates from saccate to a vermiform shape. Fully developed male emerges after the final molt of enclosed fourth-stage male which enclosed within the cuticles of second-stage and third-stage. The adult male leaved the root and move freely through the soil and it does not feed. The mode of reproduction determined the function of the male for mating. Depending on particular species reproduction whether amphimixis or parthenogenesis, the male enters the root searching for the female to mate or just remain in the soil and die. Temperature plays a vital role fo r the length of the life cyle. For example, the first adult female of M.incognita on Tomato appear 13-15 days after root penetration at temperature approximately 29 ÃÅ'Ã…  C, the female laid the first egg about 19-21 days after penetration (Triantaphyllou and Hirschmann,1960). The life span of female is much longer than the male from 2 to 3 month. 2.3.4 Effect of Meloidogyne spp. on Tobacco plant Meloidogyne sp. caused formation of galls on Tobacco root. Usually, second stages juvenile entered via behind the root cap which involves mechanical penetration by using stylet (Linford, 1942). According to Bird et.al, (1975), the penetration also involve some enzymatic action (cellulolytic or pectolytic) which secreted by esophageal gland. Then, the second-stage juvenile moved through the cortex to the region of cell differentiation. This differentiation cell was the feeding site for them which later transformed into highly specialized feeding cells called giant cells. This cell was the permanent feeding site for them (Hussey at al., 1994). According to Dropkin (1972) and Hussey (1987), the multinucleate giant cell was the result of the introduction of secretion produced by subventral esophageal gland cells of the feeding second stage juvenile. Giant cells serve as sourced of food. The nutrient from giant cells was transferred to the nematode (Jones and Northcote, 1972). According t o McClure (1977) these cells act as metabolic sink. These giant cells affected the function of the root as it caused extensive distortion and blocked of the vascular tissue which slowed water and nutrient transport. Therefore, the absorption of nutrient and water greatly reduced. Plant growth and yield may be suppressed as photosynthates were mobilized to the giant cells. Above- ground symptoms showed chlorosis of foliage and temporary wilting (premature wilting) when water stress occurred usually during drought or sunny day. Plant was stunted and the leaves were yellow and thin. The formation of gall was due to the root tissues around nematode and giant cells undergo hyperplasia and hyperthrophy. The worse was when secondary larval invasion occurred which caused the gall to coalesce and finally the root begins to decay (Nickle, 1991). Nematode also had the ability to form disease complex with other plant pathogens. The giant cell produced by root-knot nematode was highly suitable f or development of Fusarium wilt ( Porter and Powell, 1967). 2.4 Root lesion, Pratylenchus spp. 2.4.1 Distribution Pratylenchus spp. is migratory endoparasites root-lesion nematodes. This genus was just slightly less economic important compare with Meloidogyne spp. in the tropical and subtropical regions. However, some species from this genus were responsible for significant yield loss in some tobacco cultivation area. Pratylenchus pratensis, P.negletus, P.brachyurus and P.zae have been reported to parasitized tobacco in North America while in South Africa P.hexincisus, P.thornei, P.vulnus, P.brachyurus, P.minyus, and P.zae have recorded on tobacco (Milne, 1961; Honey, 1967). In Hungary, P.pratensis had been reported to parasitize tobacco cultivation. Pratylenchus penetrans was responsible to cause yield loss in Iraq. In some region in Canada, P.penetrans, P.crenatus, and P.neglectus were mostly found in tobacco fields (Mountain, 1954; Kimpinski et. al., 1976). Canter-Vissher (1969) had found Pratylenchus penetrans in New Zealand while Singh (1974) has found Pratylenchus zae in Trinidad. In gener al Pratylenchus brachyurus and P.zae are mostly found in tropical areas while P.penetrans, P.thornei, and P.minyus are common species in temperate regions (Webster, 1972). In Malaysia, this Pratylenchus sp. was locally important. However their distribution were not clearly report (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). 2.4.2 General morphology In general the morphology of species in this genus was very similar. There was no marked sexually dimorphism in form of anterior region. Adults have body length range from 0.3 to 0.9 mm. Their body was rather stout. Because increasing of uterus volume and the presence of eggs, the gravid females were stouter than nongravid ones. The cuticle of this genus generally thin and shows fine transverse striation. There were four longitudal lines marking the lateral field. However, additional longitudal line may be present in the central zone. Because of cuticle of gravid female were quite stretch, the lateral field was indistinct. The head of this genus was low and flattened with lip region divided into two,three, or four annules. This annules was continuous with the body countour. Cephalic framework of Pratylenchus sp. was heavily sclerotized. The apical anule among most species were round except for P.brachyurus which was angular. There were three types of head structure that can be found under SEM (Corbett and Clark, 1983). The stylet of Pratylenchus sp. were quite short around 11-25 ÂÂ µm. The stylet was stout with well-developed basal knobs. There was tapering procorpus in the pharynx which was usually roundish median bulb. The isthmus was short which overlapped with the anterior end of the mid-intestine on the ventral side. There were three unicellular glands in the lobe. The length of the ventrosublateral was unequal (Seinhorst, 1971). At 2-4 ÂÂ µm behind the stylet base, there was orifice of the dorsal pharyngeal gland duct. There was no deirids in this genus. The oesophagus of both male and female was equally developed. The tail of male was short and dorsally convex-conoid. Female of Pratylenchus spp. are monoprodelph. The genital branch of most species in this genus occurred as a short sac which usually undifferentiated. The uterus of female often tricolumellar (Nickle, 1991). Different with male, female tail usually two to three anal body diameter long. The bisexual species in this genus, have oval or round spermatheca which was filled with sperm (Luc, Sikora et al. 2005). 2.4.3 Life cycle Some species in this genus reproduced sexually while most of them parthenogenetic. This migratory endoparasitic root lesion nematode fed and laid eggs in the root cortex. Most of them can be found in roots, rhizomes, or tubers and somehow can also be found in stem or fruits. Usually after penetrate the root; this endoparasitic nematode will multiply to very large numbers (10,000-35,000 specimens per 10 g of root). All the stage starting from second stage juvenile entered the root. However with unknown reason, they moved in the soil for some time and goes for a new host root. The female laid the eggs in the root and starting from there their whole life cycle is in that root. Usually, the life cycle was completed in 50-60 days (Nickle, 1991). 2.4.4 Effect of Pratylenchus sp. on Tobacco plant Pratylenchus sp. usually moved and fed on the root cortex. This activity caused disintegration of root cortex and leading to browning of the root tissue. This was known as brown root rot (Mountain, 1954). Symptoms of this disease were pruning-root, water soaked, and lesion on the root. If the infection occurred under aseptic conditions the symptoms showed less severe in the certain experimental condition (Mountain, 1954). The above ground symptoms showed that the stunted plant wilt prematurely and in worse condition died. Inagaki and Powell (1969) reported that this genus caused disease complex with the other plant pathogens. Pratylenchus.brachyurus showed to increase infection of Blackshank by wounding the root which served as entry site. 3.0 Material and method: 3.1 Soil sample: 24 soil samples were collected from Terengganu, Perlis and Kelantan state. Collected soil sample were naturally infested with nematodes and Fusarium spp. Soil samples were store in polyethylene bags. Soil sample were kept in moist condition and out of direct sunlight. 3.2 Tobacco seedling preparation: Sterilized seeds were sown to sterile sandy soil. (River sand). After sown, seedlings were kept out of direct sunlight. Fertilizer applied for twice a week via foliar application. After 30 days of nursery tobacco seedlings were transferred to each soil. 3.3 Inoculation of tobacco seedlings: 6 kg of soil samples (naturally infested) were transferred into plastic container (33x22x10 cm) with drains. Then, 30 days of healthy Tobacco seedlings were transferred to each soil container. Each soil samples were planted with 10 Tobacco seedlings. Fertilizer was applied twice a week via foliar application. Ground symptoms were observed everyday. Tobacco plants were all harvested after 6 weeks. 3.4 Plant observation: Harvested Tobacco plants were observed for the disease symptoms, size of the plant, number of leaf, leaf area, plant weight and disease severity index. Wet weight of Tobacco was measured by using a weigher. Plant size was determined by using ruler. Size of the plant was measured from crown up until shoots. Number of leaf was counted including the number of undeveloped leaf. Root gall disease severity index was determined by using following scale: 0= no root galls 1= 1-25% root galls 2= 26-50% root galls 3= 51-75% root galls 4= 75-100% root galls Disease severity index for root lesion was determined by using following index: 0= no root lesion 1= 1-25% root lesions 2= 26-50% root lesions 3= 51-75% root lesions 4= 75-100% root lesions Root then was stored in the FAA (Formaldehyde 100ml, Glacial acetic acid 50ml, Distilled water 850ml) suspension. 3.5 Isolation of nematode from soil samples: Isolation of nematode and soil inhabiting forms were extracted from soil samples by using Modified Baerman Funnel Technique (Hooper,1968; Viglierchio and Schmitt,1983).This was the simplest technique to isolate nematode and soil inhabiting forms. By using this technique we can avoid lack of oxygen and possibility of nematode lodging on the sloping funnel sides due to instead of using funnel we used a shallow dish. For this experiment instead of funnel a round shallow plastic container was used. A supporting gauze was put onto the plastic container with 0.5cm space between them. A milk filter paper with 50cc soil was put on the supporting gauze. Distilled water was added until the material was almost awash. After 5 days, the content of the dish was transfer into test tube. FAA was added to prevent population changes during storage. 3.6 Nematode counting: Nematode suspension collected via Modified Baerman Funnel was shaked. Then, 1ml was taken and transfer onto disposable plastic Petri dish. The number of all nematodes and parasitic nematodes were counted under a dissecting microscope by 5x to 10x magnification. Counting was repeated for three times. Percentage of parasitic nematodes was calculated. 3.7 Isolation of nematode from root: Nematode from root part was isolated by direct isolation. For root-knot nematodes especially female, the root tissue was carefully tease away with forceps and a fine needle to release the head and neck. Infected plant part was put onto slide and squash to check for the existence of nematode. The nematode then was stain with Phyloxine 1%. 3.8 Isolation of Fusarium spp. The root part was washed with running tap water to eliminate remaining soil particle. Then, the root was cut including healthy part (0.5cm). After that, the pieces of root were dipped in 70% ethanol for 1 minute. Then, the pieces were transferred into 5% sodium Hypochlorite solution to sterilize its surface for 3 to 5 minutes. The pieces then were transferred to sterilized distill water to rinse the pieces for 3 times each for 1 minute. After that, the plant pieces was put on sterile filter paper to eliminate excess water and then, were put on the acidified water agar medium. Finally, the dishes were sealed with parafilm and were incubated for a few days. Growing colonies were observed. 3.9 Soil pH: The soil pH was determined using a soil suspension (Rowell, 1994). 10 ÂÂ ± 0.1 gram of air dry soil sample was used in this experiment. 25 ml of water was added to the soil sample. Then, soil suspension was shacked occasionally by hand over 15 minutes period. The pH meter was calibrated at pH 4 and then pH 7 consistent reading. The soil suspensions were stirred and insert the electrodes. The pH was recorded after 30 second. 3.10 Soil moisture percentage: The water content of soils was determined by drying soil samples at 105 ÃÅ'Ã…  c (Rowell, 1994). For this experiment, soil samples were air dry for two days. Then, weight air dry soil samples for 10ÂÂ ±0.1 gram (W1). Instead of using a moisture can, aluminums foil was used. The aluminum foil was weighed (Wo). Then, weighed soil samples were put on the aluminum foil and placed them in an oven at 105 ÃÅ'Ã…  C for 24 hour. The weigh of soil sample with aluminum foil was weighed (W2). To calculate the weight of soil samples after oven dry the following formulae was applied: Weight oven dry soil (W3) = (W1+Wo)-W2 To calculate moisture percentage of soil samples, the following formulae was use: Moisture percentage (%) = W3/ (W2-Wo) x 100 3.11 Soil particle density: Determination of soil particle density involves the measurement of the volume of a known mass of particles. The soil is dispersed in water and all the air is expelled from the suspension. In a known volume of suspension the volume occupied by the particles is then found (Rowell, 1994). A clean and dry 50ml volumetric flask including stopper was weigh (Wo). Ten grams of oven dry soil samples were added into the volumetric flask. The volumetric flask was filled with distilled water until one-half full. The volumetric flask (without stopper) then was put in boiling water heating with a water bath for 30 minutes and gently agitated the content to prevent loss of soil by foaming. The volumetric flask and its content then cooled to room temperature. Distilled water was added up to the 50 ml mark. Water drop on the outer-side of the volumetric flask was wiped, insert the stopper and weighed (W2). The soil particle density was determined by using the following formulae: Soil particle density (Dp) = Soil mass/Particle volume Particle volume = Conical flask volume volume of water in flask Volume of water in flask = mass of suspension -mass of soil Mass of suspension = W2-W0 3.12 Soil texture analysis: Texture of soil samples were determined by using Hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, 1962; Page, 1982). Then, texture of soil samples determined by referring to USDA Textural triangle after calculation of the percentage of each particle (Brady, 1984). For this experiment, 50g of soil samples were placed into 600 ml beaker. Then, 100 ml of 6% hydrogen peroxide was added to decompose the organic matter. The mixture was kept remaining at room temperature overnight. After that, the beaker was placed on a hot plate at 90 ÃÅ'Ã…   C for 10 minutes. Then, 50ml of 1N Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (dispersing agent) was added to the suspension and increase the volume to 400 ml with distilled water. The suspension was left for 20 minutes. Then, beaker was placed on a stirrer and stirred thoroughly for 10 minutes. The suspension was transferred to 1000 ml measuring cylinder. Then, distilled water was added to 1000 ml mark. Suspension was allowed to equilibrate thermally and the temperature was recorded. Mo uth of the measuring cylinder was covered with a parafilm and inverted for several times until the contents are thoroughly mixed. Mixture was left in a cool, shaded place. Then, the hydrometer was immediately into the suspension and reading was taken after 40 seconds until consistent reading. Hydrometer was removed and cleaned. The temperature of the suspension was recorded with thermometer. The thermometer was removed and remixes the suspension. Then, let the cylinder sit for 2 hours. At exactly 2 hours later, the hydrometer was again placed into the suspension and data was read. The temperature of the suspension was also seconded with thermometer. The actual reading must be corrected in order to get revised value depending upon the actual temperature. a. Add 0.36 g/L to hydrometer reading for each degree >20 ÃÅ'Ã…  C b. Subtract 0.36 g/L from hydrometer reading for each c. Density reading should also be corrected from the density of the dispensing solution (NaOH+ distilled water) without soil. These reading are must be subtract with the soil solution density reading. Finally, after calculating the percentage of each particle, use the USDA Textural triangle to determine the textural class of soil samples. Readings from specific gravity hydrometer was converted to soil g/l by using converting table (http://classic.globe.gov/fsl/html/templ.cgi?conversionlang=ar). Table 3.1 Hydrometer converting table Specific Gravity Grams Soil/L Specific Gravity Grams Soil/L Specific Gravity Grams Soil/L 1.0024 0.0 1.0136 18.0 1.0247